THE APPLICATION OF TWO PAIN ASSESSMENT METHODS IN CLINICAL REHABILITATION MEDICINE
Keywords:
Pain, pain assessment, Wong-Baker faces pain scale revision (FPS-R), Peking, Opera facial makeup (POFM), Rehabilitation
Abstract
Objective: To explore the consistency between two pain assessment methods, namely the revised Wong-Baker faces pain scale revision (FPS-R) and the Peking Opera facial makeup (POFM) expression assessment methods. Method: From March 1 to June 30, 2024, FPS-R and BOFM were used to evaluate and measure pain in 41 hospitalized rehabilitation patients. The pain results measured by the FPS-R and BOFM pain assessment methods showed no statistically significant difference, and the consistency between the two methods was good. Conclusion: Peking Opera facial expressions (POFM) are convenient and suitable for Chinese people to use in evaluating patient pain.
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References
Chen Jun, Wang Jiang Lin. The international association for the study of pain (IASP) revision and systematic classification of chronic pain for WHO ICD-11. Chinese Journal of Pain Medicine. 2019; 25 (5):323-330. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-9852 2019.05.002.
Michael P Rogers, Paul C Kuo. Pain as the Fifth Vital Sign. Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 2020; 231(5):601-602. doi: 10.1016/i. jamcollsurg. 2020 07508.
Wan Li, Zhao Qing, Chen Jun, et al, Expert consensus on the application of pain evaluation questionnaires in China (2020). Chinese Journal of Painology. 2020; 6(3):177-187. doi: 10.3760/cma.jcn101379-20190915-00075.
Davis MP，Walsh D．Cancer pain：how to measure the fifth vital sign．Clev Clin J Med. 2004;71(8):625-632．doi: 10.3949/ccjm.71.8.625.
Hicks CL, von Baeyer CL, Spafford PA, et al. The faces pain scale revised: toward a common metric in pediatric pain measurement. Pain. 2001;93(2):173-183. doi: 10.1016 / S0304-3959(01) 00314-1.
Thong IS, Jensen MP, Miró J, et al. The validity of pain intensity measures: what do the NRS, VAS, VRS, and FPS‐R measure ? Scand J Pain. 2018; 18(1): 99‐107. doi: 10.1515 / sjpain‐2018‐ 0012.
Wan Li.Milestones in the compiling of pain related assessment scale of Chinese edition. Pain Clinic Journal. 2019;15(4):241. doi:10.3760/cma.j. issn.1672-9633.2019; 04.001.
Saurab Sharma, Anupa Pathak, Mark P Jensen. Words that describe chronic musculoskeletal pain: implications for assessing pain quality across cultures. Journal of Pain Research. 2016;9:1057-1066.doi:10.2147/jpr.s119212.
Ming Yan1, Rui Xiong, Yinghua Shen, et al. Intelligent generation of Peking opera facial masks with deep learning frameworks. Heritage Science. 2023;11 (20) 1-14. doi:10.1186/s40494-023-00865-z.
Fachao Zhang, Xiaoman Liang, Yaqi Sun, et al. POFMakeup: A style transfer method for Peking Opera makeup. Computers and Electrical Engineering. 2022;104 (PA):108459. doi: 10.1016/j.compeleceng.2022.108459.
Li Jun, Feng Yi, Han Ji Sheng, et al. Linguistic adaptation into Chinese and multicentered validation of the three questionnaires for the screening of neuropathic pain. Chinese Journal of Pain Medicine. 2011;17(9): 549-553. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-9852.2011.09.011.
Rahel Rogger, Corina Bello, Carolina S. Romero. Cultural Framing and theImpact On Acute Pain and Pain Services. Current Pain and Headache Reports. 2023;27:429-430. doi:10.1007/s11916-023-01125-2.
Min Yoo, Bao Ping, et al. Cross-cultural adaptation of the Neck Pain and Disability Scale: a methodological systematic review. The SPINE JOURNAL. 2019;19(6):1057-1066. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2019.01.007.
Fachao Zhang , Xiaoman Liang , et al. POFMakeup: A style transfer method for Peking Opera makeup. Computers and Electrical Engineering 2022; 104: 108459. doi: 10.1016/j.compeleceng.2022.108459.
Jan L, Thomas G, Jeffrey W. Validity and reliability of the Selective Control of the Upper Extremity Scale in children with upper motor neuron lesions. Disability and Rehabilitation. 2022; 44 (14): 3694-3700. doi: 10.1080/09638288.2021.1881171.
Serife O, Aysenur P. et al. Simulation of three intraoral radiographic techniques in pediatric dental patients: subjective comfort assessment using the VAS and Wong-Baker FACES Pain Raiting Scale. BMC Oral Health. 2020; 20 (33):1-7. doi: 10.1186/s12903-020-1011-2. Serife O, Aysenur P. et al., 2020
https://wongbakerfaces.org/us/wong-baker-faces-history/.
Comprehensive evaluation of the functional state in senior schoolchildren with varying levels of daily motor activity / A. Martusevich, I. Bocharin, A. Eshiev [et al.] // Journal of Physical Education and Sport. – 2024. – Vol. 24, No. 11. – P. 1919-1926. – DOI 10.7752/jpes.2024.11288.
Improving the physical health of female students using boxing specialization in physical education / M. Kudryavtsev, V. Kovalev, A. Osipov [et al.] // Journal of Physical Education and Sport. – 2023. – Vol. 23, No. 7. – P. 1576-1582. – DOI 10.7752/jpes.2023.07193.
Results of using a plant adaptogen to improve the functional state of athletes / I. Bocharin, A. Eshiev, M. Guryanov [et al.] // Journal of Physical Education and Sport. – 2024. – Vol. 24, No. 11. – P. 1884-1891. – DOI 10.7752/jpes.2024.11284.
Сorrecting the physical health in 10–12-year-old schoolchildren through a creative approach to health-focused physical education / E. Romanova, H. Alshuwaili, G. Zhutanova [et al.] // Journal of Physical Education and Sport. – 2025. – Vol. 25, No. 2. – P. 284-291. – DOI 10.7752/jpes.2025.02032.
Engaging in sports as a method to enhance the stress resilience of a student's body / N. Gubareva, E. Romanova, A. Vorozheikin [et al.] // Journal of Physical Education and Sport. – 2024. – Vol. 24, No. 2. – P. 360-367. – DOI 10.7752/jpes.2024.02043.
Enhancing physical and functional fitness through the integration of health fitness elements in young gymnasts / E. V. Romanova, A. V. Vorozheikin, O. V. Bayankin [et al.] // Journal of Physical Education and Sport. – 2023. – Vol. 23, No. 10. – P. 2685-2691. – DOI 10.7752/jpes.2023.10307.
Personalization of physical education based on the study of body composition and body vegetative support in female students / M. Guryanov, I. Bocharin, E. Kalyuzhny [et al.] // Journal of Physical Education and Sport. – 2024. – Vol. 24, No. 2. – P. 353-359. – DOI 10.7752/jpes.2024.02042.
Physical fitness and life quality of female students with different classes of diseases / M. Kolokoltsev, E. Romanova, T. Martirosova [et al.] // Journal of Physical Education and Sport. – 2023. – Vol. 23, No. 1. – P. 128-133. – DOI 10.7752/jpes.2023.01016.
Bocharin, I., Eshiev, A., Guryanov, M., et al. Results of using a plant adaptogen to improve the functional state of athletes. Journal of Physical Education and Sport. 2024; 24(11): 1884-1891. doi: 10.7752/jpes.2024.11284.
Chen, J., Wang, J.L. The international association for the study of pain (IASP) revision and systematic classification of chronic pain for WHO ICD-11. Chinese Journal of Pain Medicine. 2019; 25(5): 323-330. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-9852.2019.05.002.
Davis, M.P., Walsh, D. Cancer pain: how to measure the fifth vital sign. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine. 2004; 71(8): 625-632. doi: 10.3949/ccjm.71.8.625.
Gubareva, N., Romanova, E., Vorozheikin, A., et al. Engaging in sports as a method to enhance the stress resilience of a student's body. Journal of Physical Education and Sport. 2024; 24(2): 360-367. doi: 10.7752/jpes.2024.02043.
Guryanov, M., Bocharin, I., Kalyuzhny, E., et al. Personalization of physical education based on the study of body composition and body vegetative support in female students. Journal of Physical Education and Sport. 2024; 24(2): 353-359. doi: 10.7752/jpes.2024.02042.
Hicks, C.L., von Baeyer, C.L., Spafford, P.A., et al. The faces pain scale revised: toward a common metric in pediatric pain measurement. Pain. 2001; 93(2): 173-183. doi: 10.1016/S0304-3959(01)00314-1.
Jan, L., Thomas, G., Jeffrey, W. Validity and reliability of the Selective Control of the Upper Extremity Scale in children with upper motor neuron lesions. Disability and Rehabilitation. 2022; 44(14): 3694-3700. doi: 10.1080/09638288.2021.1881171.
Kolokoltsev, M., Romanova, E., Martirosova, T., et al. Physical fitness and life quality of female students with different classes of diseases. Journal of Physical Education and Sport. 2023; 23(1): 128-133. doi: 10.7752/jpes.2023.01016.
Kudryavtsev, M., Kovalev, V., Osipov, A., et al. Improving the physical health of female students using boxing specialization in physical education. Journal of Physical Education and Sport. 2023; 23(7): 1576-1582. doi: 10.7752/jpes.2023.07193.
Li, J., Feng, Y., Han, J.S., et al. Linguistic adaptation into Chinese and multicentered validation of the three questionnaires for the screening of neuropathic pain. Chinese Journal of Pain Medicine. 2011; 17(9): 549-553. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-9852.2011.09.011.
Martusevich, A., Bocharin, I., Eshiev, A., et al. Comprehensive evaluation of the functional state in senior schoolchildren with varying levels of daily motor activity. Journal of Physical Education and Sport. 2024; 24(11): 1919-1926. doi: 10.7752/jpes.2024.11288.
Rogers, M.P., Kuo, P.C. Pain as the Fifth Vital Sign. Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 2020; 231(5): 601-602. doi: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2020.07.508.
Rogger, R., Bello, C., Romero, C.S. Cultural Framing and the Impact On Acute Pain and Pain Services. Current Pain and Headache Reports. 2023; 27: 429-430. doi: 10.1007/s11916-023-01125-2.
Romanova, E., Alshuwaili, H., Zhutanova, G., et al. Correcting the physical health in 10–12-year-old schoolchildren through a creative approach to health-focused physical education. Journal of Physical Education and Sport. 2025; 25(2): 284-291. doi: 10.7752/jpes.2025.02032.
Serife, O., Aysenur, P., et al. Simulation of three intraoral radiographic techniques in pediatric dental patients: subjective comfort assessment using the VAS and Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale. BMC Oral Health. 2020; 20(33): 1-7. doi: 10.1186/s12903-020-1011-2.
Sharma, S., Pathak, A., Jensen, M.P. Words that describe chronic musculoskeletal pain: implications for assessing pain quality across cultures. Journal of Pain Research. 2016; 9: 1057-1066. doi: 10.2147/jpr.s119212.
Thong, I.S., Jensen, M.P., Miró, J., et al. The validity of pain intensity measures: what do the NRS, VAS, VRS, and FPS‐R measure? Scandinavian Journal of Pain. 2018; 18(1): 99‐107. doi: 10.1515/sjpain-2018-0012.
Wan, L., Zhao, Q., Chen, J., et al. Expert consensus on the application of pain evaluation questionnaires in China (2020). Chinese Journal of Painology. 2020; 6(3): 177-187. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn101379-20190915-00075.
Wan, L. Milestones in the compiling of pain related assessment scale of Chinese edition. Pain Clinic Journal. 2019; 15(4): 241. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1672-9633.2019.04.001.
Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale. History. Available from: https://wongbakerfaces.org/us/wong-baker-faces-history/
Yan, M., Xiong, R., Shen, Y., et al. Intelligent generation of Peking opera facial masks with deep learning frameworks. Heritage Science. 2023; 11(20): 1-14. doi: 10.1186/s40494-023-00865-z.
Yoo, M., Bao, P., et al. Cross-cultural adaptation of the Neck Pain and Disability Scale: a methodological systematic review. The Spine Journal. 2019; 19(6): 1057-1066. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2019.01.007.
Zhang, F., Liang, X., Sun, Y., et al. POFMakeup: A style transfer method for Peking Opera makeup. Computers and Electrical Engineering. 2022; 104(PA): 108459. doi: 10.1016/j.compeleceng.2022.108459.
Michael P Rogers, Paul C Kuo. Pain as the Fifth Vital Sign. Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 2020; 231(5):601-602. doi: 10.1016/i. jamcollsurg. 2020 07508.
Wan Li, Zhao Qing, Chen Jun, et al, Expert consensus on the application of pain evaluation questionnaires in China (2020). Chinese Journal of Painology. 2020; 6(3):177-187. doi: 10.3760/cma.jcn101379-20190915-00075.
Davis MP，Walsh D．Cancer pain：how to measure the fifth vital sign．Clev Clin J Med. 2004;71(8):625-632．doi: 10.3949/ccjm.71.8.625.
Hicks CL, von Baeyer CL, Spafford PA, et al. The faces pain scale revised: toward a common metric in pediatric pain measurement. Pain. 2001;93(2):173-183. doi: 10.1016 / S0304-3959(01) 00314-1.
Thong IS, Jensen MP, Miró J, et al. The validity of pain intensity measures: what do the NRS, VAS, VRS, and FPS‐R measure ? Scand J Pain. 2018; 18(1): 99‐107. doi: 10.1515 / sjpain‐2018‐ 0012.
Wan Li.Milestones in the compiling of pain related assessment scale of Chinese edition. Pain Clinic Journal. 2019;15(4):241. doi:10.3760/cma.j. issn.1672-9633.2019; 04.001.
Saurab Sharma, Anupa Pathak, Mark P Jensen. Words that describe chronic musculoskeletal pain: implications for assessing pain quality across cultures. Journal of Pain Research. 2016;9:1057-1066.doi:10.2147/jpr.s119212.
Ming Yan1, Rui Xiong, Yinghua Shen, et al. Intelligent generation of Peking opera facial masks with deep learning frameworks. Heritage Science. 2023;11 (20) 1-14. doi:10.1186/s40494-023-00865-z.
Fachao Zhang, Xiaoman Liang, Yaqi Sun, et al. POFMakeup: A style transfer method for Peking Opera makeup. Computers and Electrical Engineering. 2022;104 (PA):108459. doi: 10.1016/j.compeleceng.2022.108459.
Li Jun, Feng Yi, Han Ji Sheng, et al. Linguistic adaptation into Chinese and multicentered validation of the three questionnaires for the screening of neuropathic pain. Chinese Journal of Pain Medicine. 2011;17(9): 549-553. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-9852.2011.09.011.
Rahel Rogger, Corina Bello, Carolina S. Romero. Cultural Framing and theImpact On Acute Pain and Pain Services. Current Pain and Headache Reports. 2023;27:429-430. doi:10.1007/s11916-023-01125-2.
Min Yoo, Bao Ping, et al. Cross-cultural adaptation of the Neck Pain and Disability Scale: a methodological systematic review. The SPINE JOURNAL. 2019;19(6):1057-1066. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2019.01.007.
Fachao Zhang , Xiaoman Liang , et al. POFMakeup: A style transfer method for Peking Opera makeup. Computers and Electrical Engineering 2022; 104: 108459. doi: 10.1016/j.compeleceng.2022.108459.
Jan L, Thomas G, Jeffrey W. Validity and reliability of the Selective Control of the Upper Extremity Scale in children with upper motor neuron lesions. Disability and Rehabilitation. 2022; 44 (14): 3694-3700. doi: 10.1080/09638288.2021.1881171.
Serife O, Aysenur P. et al. Simulation of three intraoral radiographic techniques in pediatric dental patients: subjective comfort assessment using the VAS and Wong-Baker FACES Pain Raiting Scale. BMC Oral Health. 2020; 20 (33):1-7. doi: 10.1186/s12903-020-1011-2. Serife O, Aysenur P. et al., 2020
https://wongbakerfaces.org/us/wong-baker-faces-history/.
Comprehensive evaluation of the functional state in senior schoolchildren with varying levels of daily motor activity / A. Martusevich, I. Bocharin, A. Eshiev [et al.] // Journal of Physical Education and Sport. – 2024. – Vol. 24, No. 11. – P. 1919-1926. – DOI 10.7752/jpes.2024.11288.
Improving the physical health of female students using boxing specialization in physical education / M. Kudryavtsev, V. Kovalev, A. Osipov [et al.] // Journal of Physical Education and Sport. – 2023. – Vol. 23, No. 7. – P. 1576-1582. – DOI 10.7752/jpes.2023.07193.
Results of using a plant adaptogen to improve the functional state of athletes / I. Bocharin, A. Eshiev, M. Guryanov [et al.] // Journal of Physical Education and Sport. – 2024. – Vol. 24, No. 11. – P. 1884-1891. – DOI 10.7752/jpes.2024.11284.
Сorrecting the physical health in 10–12-year-old schoolchildren through a creative approach to health-focused physical education / E. Romanova, H. Alshuwaili, G. Zhutanova [et al.] // Journal of Physical Education and Sport. – 2025. – Vol. 25, No. 2. – P. 284-291. – DOI 10.7752/jpes.2025.02032.
Engaging in sports as a method to enhance the stress resilience of a student's body / N. Gubareva, E. Romanova, A. Vorozheikin [et al.] // Journal of Physical Education and Sport. – 2024. – Vol. 24, No. 2. – P. 360-367. – DOI 10.7752/jpes.2024.02043.
Enhancing physical and functional fitness through the integration of health fitness elements in young gymnasts / E. V. Romanova, A. V. Vorozheikin, O. V. Bayankin [et al.] // Journal of Physical Education and Sport. – 2023. – Vol. 23, No. 10. – P. 2685-2691. – DOI 10.7752/jpes.2023.10307.
Personalization of physical education based on the study of body composition and body vegetative support in female students / M. Guryanov, I. Bocharin, E. Kalyuzhny [et al.] // Journal of Physical Education and Sport. – 2024. – Vol. 24, No. 2. – P. 353-359. – DOI 10.7752/jpes.2024.02042.
Physical fitness and life quality of female students with different classes of diseases / M. Kolokoltsev, E. Romanova, T. Martirosova [et al.] // Journal of Physical Education and Sport. – 2023. – Vol. 23, No. 1. – P. 128-133. – DOI 10.7752/jpes.2023.01016.
Bocharin, I., Eshiev, A., Guryanov, M., et al. Results of using a plant adaptogen to improve the functional state of athletes. Journal of Physical Education and Sport. 2024; 24(11): 1884-1891. doi: 10.7752/jpes.2024.11284.
Chen, J., Wang, J.L. The international association for the study of pain (IASP) revision and systematic classification of chronic pain for WHO ICD-11. Chinese Journal of Pain Medicine. 2019; 25(5): 323-330. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-9852.2019.05.002.
Davis, M.P., Walsh, D. Cancer pain: how to measure the fifth vital sign. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine. 2004; 71(8): 625-632. doi: 10.3949/ccjm.71.8.625.
Gubareva, N., Romanova, E., Vorozheikin, A., et al. Engaging in sports as a method to enhance the stress resilience of a student's body. Journal of Physical Education and Sport. 2024; 24(2): 360-367. doi: 10.7752/jpes.2024.02043.
Guryanov, M., Bocharin, I., Kalyuzhny, E., et al. Personalization of physical education based on the study of body composition and body vegetative support in female students. Journal of Physical Education and Sport. 2024; 24(2): 353-359. doi: 10.7752/jpes.2024.02042.
Hicks, C.L., von Baeyer, C.L., Spafford, P.A., et al. The faces pain scale revised: toward a common metric in pediatric pain measurement. Pain. 2001; 93(2): 173-183. doi: 10.1016/S0304-3959(01)00314-1.
Jan, L., Thomas, G., Jeffrey, W. Validity and reliability of the Selective Control of the Upper Extremity Scale in children with upper motor neuron lesions. Disability and Rehabilitation. 2022; 44(14): 3694-3700. doi: 10.1080/09638288.2021.1881171.
Kolokoltsev, M., Romanova, E., Martirosova, T., et al. Physical fitness and life quality of female students with different classes of diseases. Journal of Physical Education and Sport. 2023; 23(1): 128-133. doi: 10.7752/jpes.2023.01016.
Kudryavtsev, M., Kovalev, V., Osipov, A., et al. Improving the physical health of female students using boxing specialization in physical education. Journal of Physical Education and Sport. 2023; 23(7): 1576-1582. doi: 10.7752/jpes.2023.07193.
Li, J., Feng, Y., Han, J.S., et al. Linguistic adaptation into Chinese and multicentered validation of the three questionnaires for the screening of neuropathic pain. Chinese Journal of Pain Medicine. 2011; 17(9): 549-553. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-9852.2011.09.011.
Martusevich, A., Bocharin, I., Eshiev, A., et al. Comprehensive evaluation of the functional state in senior schoolchildren with varying levels of daily motor activity. Journal of Physical Education and Sport. 2024; 24(11): 1919-1926. doi: 10.7752/jpes.2024.11288.
Rogers, M.P., Kuo, P.C. Pain as the Fifth Vital Sign. Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 2020; 231(5): 601-602. doi: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2020.07.508.
Rogger, R., Bello, C., Romero, C.S. Cultural Framing and the Impact On Acute Pain and Pain Services. Current Pain and Headache Reports. 2023; 27: 429-430. doi: 10.1007/s11916-023-01125-2.
Romanova, E., Alshuwaili, H., Zhutanova, G., et al. Correcting the physical health in 10–12-year-old schoolchildren through a creative approach to health-focused physical education. Journal of Physical Education and Sport. 2025; 25(2): 284-291. doi: 10.7752/jpes.2025.02032.
Serife, O., Aysenur, P., et al. Simulation of three intraoral radiographic techniques in pediatric dental patients: subjective comfort assessment using the VAS and Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale. BMC Oral Health. 2020; 20(33): 1-7. doi: 10.1186/s12903-020-1011-2.
Sharma, S., Pathak, A., Jensen, M.P. Words that describe chronic musculoskeletal pain: implications for assessing pain quality across cultures. Journal of Pain Research. 2016; 9: 1057-1066. doi: 10.2147/jpr.s119212.
Thong, I.S., Jensen, M.P., Miró, J., et al. The validity of pain intensity measures: what do the NRS, VAS, VRS, and FPS‐R measure? Scandinavian Journal of Pain. 2018; 18(1): 99‐107. doi: 10.1515/sjpain-2018-0012.
Wan, L., Zhao, Q., Chen, J., et al. Expert consensus on the application of pain evaluation questionnaires in China (2020). Chinese Journal of Painology. 2020; 6(3): 177-187. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn101379-20190915-00075.
Wan, L. Milestones in the compiling of pain related assessment scale of Chinese edition. Pain Clinic Journal. 2019; 15(4): 241. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1672-9633.2019.04.001.
Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale. History. Available from: https://wongbakerfaces.org/us/wong-baker-faces-history/
Yan, M., Xiong, R., Shen, Y., et al. Intelligent generation of Peking opera facial masks with deep learning frameworks. Heritage Science. 2023; 11(20): 1-14. doi: 10.1186/s40494-023-00865-z.
Yoo, M., Bao, P., et al. Cross-cultural adaptation of the Neck Pain and Disability Scale: a methodological systematic review. The Spine Journal. 2019; 19(6): 1057-1066. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2019.01.007.
Zhang, F., Liang, X., Sun, Y., et al. POFMakeup: A style transfer method for Peking Opera makeup. Computers and Electrical Engineering. 2022; 104(PA): 108459. doi: 10.1016/j.compeleceng.2022.108459.
Published
2026-02-27
How to Cite
Xiao jun W., Shan-QU G., Chun-Lan C., Jian-Fen Z., Yan-Ning Z., Xin-Yi H., Zhi-Chon C., Jing-Han H., Tinkler C. THE APPLICATION OF TWO PAIN ASSESSMENT METHODS IN CLINICAL REHABILITATION MEDICINE // Health, physical culture and sports, 2026. Vol. 41, № 1. P. 40-50. URL: https://hpcas.ru/article/view/19038.
Section
MEDICAL AND BIOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF HUMAN HEALTH
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